Abstract Aims: To determine lactate threshold (LT) by three different methods (visual inspection, algorithmic adjustment, and Dmax) during an incremental protocol performed in the leg press 45° and to evaluate correlation and agreement among these different methods. Methods: Twenty male long-distance runners participated in this study. Firstly, participants performed the dynamic force tests in one-repetition maximum (1RM). In the next session, completed an incremental protocol consisted of progressive stages of 1 min or 20 repetitions with increments of 10, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40% 1RM. From 40% 1RM, increments corresponding to 10% 1RM were performed until a load in which the participants could not complete the 20 repetitions. A rest interval of 2 min was observed between each stage for blood collection and adjustment of the workloads for the next stage. Results: Our results showed no significant difference in relative load (% 1RM), good correlations, and high intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) between algorithmic adjustment and Dmax (p = 0.680, r = 0.92; ICC = 0.959), algorithmic adjustment and visual inspection (p = 0.266, r = 0.91; ICC = 0.948), and Dmax and visual inspection (p = 1.000, r = 0.88; ICC = 0.940). In addition, the Bland-Altman plot and linear regression showed agreement between algorithmic adjustment and Dmax (r2 = 0.855), algorithmic adjustment and visual inspection (r2 = 0.834), and Dmax and visual inspection (r2 = 0.781). Conclusion: The good correlation and high agreement among three methods suggest their applicability to determine LT during an incremental protocol performed in the leg press 45°. However, the best agreement found between mathematical methods suggests better accuracy.

RESUMO Introdução A avaliação do desempenho motor em escolares tem sido utilizada na identificação de talentos esportivos. Porém, existem poucos estudos, sobre esta temática, e nenhum no Sistema Colégio Militar do Brasil. Objetivo Avaliar indicadores antropométricos, fisicomotores e maturacionais; investigar a proporção de talentos motores; analisar a relação entre o diagnóstico de talento motor e o estágio maturacional; e comparar o perfil de alunos-atletas e não atletas de um colégio militar. Métodos Foram avaliados 1.490 escolares de ambos os sexos, de 11 a 17 anos. Aplicou-se uma bateria de testes multidimensional para avaliação do tamanho e da composição corporal, flexibilidade, força de preensão manual, força explosiva de membros superiores e inferiores, velocidade, resistência aeróbica e maturação somática. Os dados foram analisados por meio do teste qui-quadrado e análise de covariância. Resultados Os escolares apresentaram maior tamanho corporal, maior desempenho motor e maturação biológica discretamente avançada em relação aos dados disponíveis na literatura. Além disso, foram criados pontos de corte para oito testes relacionados com a prática esportiva, para identificar escolares com resultados muito acima da média, sendo encontrados 11% de talentos motores. Constatou-se ainda que os talentos motores foram mais frequentes nos escolares avançados biologicamente, e que os alunos-atletas apresentaram diferenças significativas em relação aos não atletas, principalmente quanto ao desempenho motor. Conclusão Os escolares do colégio militar são maiores, mais fortes, mais resistentes e mais maduros biologicamente quando comparados aos valores de referência da literatura, e tais características acentuam-se nos alunos-atletas. Além disso, aproximadamente um em cada dez escolares do colégio militar pode ser considerado um talento motor, e este diagnóstico é mais frequente nos escolares com maturação precoce. Nível de evidência II; Estudo diagnóstico.

ABSTRACT Introduction The assessment of motor performance in students has been used to identify sports talents. However, there are few studies on this topic, and none in the Sistema Colégio Militar do Brasil (Brazilian Military College System). Objective To evaluate anthropometric, physical motor and maturational indicators, investigate the proportion of motor talents, analyze the relationship between motor talent diagnosis and maturational stage, and compare the profile of student-athletes and non-athlete students of a military college. Methods We assessed 1490 students of both sexes aged 11 to 17 years. A multidimensional battery of tests was applied to assess body size and composition, flexibility, handgrip strength, upper and lower limb explosive strength, velocity, aerobic endurance, and somatic maturation. Data were analyzed using the Chi-square test and analysis of covariance. Results Students showed greater body size, higher motor performance and slightly advanced biological maturation in comparison to data available in the literature. In addition, cut-off points were created for eight sports-related tests to identify students with significantly above-average results, with 11% of motor talents being found. It was also found that motor talents were more frequent in biologically advanced students, and that student-athletes had significant differences in comparison to non-athletes, mainly in terms of motor performance. Conclusion The military school students are larger, stronger, more resistant and more biologically mature when compared to the reference values in the literature, and these characteristics are accentuated in student-athletes. In addition, approximately 1 in 10 of the military college students can be considered a motor talent, and this diagnosis is more frequent in students with early maturation. Level of Evidence II; Diagnostic Study.

RESUMEN Introducción La evaluación de desempeño motor en escolares ha sido utilizada en la identificación de talentos deportivos. Sin embargo, existen pocos estudios sobre esa temática, y ninguno en el Sistema del Colegio Militar de Brasil. Objetivo Evaluar indicadores antropométricos, físico-motores y maduracionales, investigar la proporción de talentos motores, analizar la relación entre el diagnóstico de talento motor y la fase de maduración y comparar el perfil de alumnos-atletas y no atletas de un colegio militar. Métodos Fueron evaluados 1490 estudiantes de ambos sexos, de 11 a 17 años. Se les aplicó una serie de tests multidimensional para evaluación del tamaño y composición corporal, flexibilidad, fuerza de aprehensión manual, fuerza explosiva de miembros superiores e inferiores, velocidad, resistencia aeróbica y maduración somática. Los datos fueron analizados a través del test chi-cuadrado y Análisis de Covarianza. Resultados Los estudiantes presentaron mayor tamaño corporal, mayor desempeño motor y maduración biológica discretamente avanzada con relación a los datos disponibles en la literatura. Además, fueron creados puntos de corte para ocho tests relacionados con la práctica deportiva, para identificar estudiantes con resultados muy superiores al promedio, siendo encontrados 11% de talentos motores. Se constató además que los talentos motores fueron más frecuentes en los estudiantes avanzados biológicamente y que los alumnos atletas presentaron diferencias significativas con relación a los no atletas, principalmente en referencia al desempeño motor. Conclusión Los estudiantes del colegio militar son más grandes, más fuertes, más resistentes y más maduros biológicamente cuando comparados a los valores de referencia de la literatura, y tales características se acentúan en los alumnos atletas. Además, aproximadamente uno en cada 10 estudiantes del colegio militar puede ser considerado un talento motor, y este diagnóstico es más frecuente en los escolares con maduración precoz. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudio diagnóstico.

O exercício físico aquático na gravidez auxilia na diminuição da variabilidade da frequência cardíaca principalmente no terceiro trimestre gestacional. O objetivo do estudo foi verificar o efeito agudo do exercício físico aquático sobre a variabilidade da frequência cardíaca de grávidas no terceiro trimestre. Vinte e uma mulheres grávidas (31,18 ± 3,21 anos, 1,53 ± 0,05 m, 70,33 ± 17,61 kg, 27,87 ± 2,78 m2 kg-1) foram recrutadas. As voluntárias foram submetidas à uma sessão de exercício físico aquático e coletada a variabilidade da frequência cardíaca, antes e até 60 minutos após intervenção. A variabilidade da frequência cardíaca foi analisada no domínio do tempo e da frequência. Para procedimentos estatísticos a comparação da resposta da variabilidade da frequência cardíaca em função do tempo (repouso x momentos) foi utilizado o Teste de Análise de Variância de Medidas Repetidas (ANOVA) com o valor de p<0,05. Houve diminuição da modulação simpática, refletida pela baixa frequência, no domínio da frequência, em repouso inicial (0,08± 0,03 vs. 0,05±0,02, p<0,05). Por outro lado, observou-se um aumento da modulação vagal caracterizada pela alta frequência (0,17±0,02; 0,18± 0,04, p< 0,05) em comparação ao repouso. Em conclusão, os resultados sugerem que uma sessão de hidroginástica pode ser uma estratégia útil para melhorar a variabilidade da frequência cardíaca em mulheres de terceiro.

Chronic Aquatic physical exercise during pregnancy helps reduce heart rate variability mainly in women in their third trimester gestational. In this context, the purpose of the study was to assess the acute of aquatic physical on heart rate variability in pregnant women in their third trimester. Twenty-one pregnant women (31.18 ± 3.21 years-old, 1.53 ± 0.05 m, 70.33 ± 17.61 kg, BMI of 27.87 ± 2.78 m2 kg-1) were included. The heart rate variability of the volunteers submitted to a session of aquatic physical effort was measured up to 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes after intervention. Heart rate variability was analyzed in the time domain as well as the frequency time. Heart rate variability response in function of time (resting x activity) was between compared using the ANOVA test with p<0.05. When comparing low frequency, in the frequency domain, a reduction of the sympathetic modulation was found (0.08±0.03 vs. 0.05±0.02, p<0.05) when to compare baseline condition. On the other hand, an increase of the vagal modulation was observed, characterized by the high frequency (0.17±0.02; 0.18±0.04, p<0.05). In conclusion, the results suggest that a session of APE can be to improve heart rate variability in pregnant women in their third trimester gestational.

Abstract AIMS The purpose of this study was to examine the acute effects between different volumes of static stretching (SS) and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretching (30 and 60 seconds) on the maximum number of repetitions at 40 and 80% 1RM and rating of perceived exertion (RPE). METHODS Eleven recreationally-trained women (26.45 ± 5.27 years) performed ten experimental protocols using a repeated measures crossover design: (a) 30 s of SS followed by 40% of 1RM (SS1); (b) 60 s of SS followed by 40% of 1RM (SS2); (c) 30 s of SS followed by 80% of 1RM (SS3); (d) 60 s of SS followed by 80% of 1RM (SS4); (e) 30 s of PNF followed by 40% of 1RM (PNF1); (f) 60 s of PNF followed by 40% of 1RM (PNF2); (g) 30 s of PNF followed by 80% of 1RM (PNF3); (h) 60 s of PNF followed by 80% of 1RM (PNF4); (i) 40% of 1RM with no stretching (NS1); and (j) 80% of 1RM with no stretching (NS2). In both stretching protocols, shoulder girdle muscle exercises were performed. RESULTSStretching volume did not seem to significantly decrease the number of repetitions after a bench press session (p>0.05). However, RPE was greater for PNF2 (28.5±1.0; p=0.016) when compared with PNF1 (26.9±1.9). CONCLUSION Stretching volume does not seem to decrease the maximum number of repetitions after a bench press session; however, greater stretching volume appears to increase perception of effort in women when using PNF stretching of longer duration.

The present study aimed to determine the influence of low-load (LL) resistance exercise (RE) with blood flow restriction (BFR) on systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean blood pressure (MBP), heart rate (HR), double product (DP) and oxygen saturation (SpO2) during the phases of the menstrual cycle (MC). Thirty untrained women were randomly and proportionally divided into three groups: HI = high-intensity exercises (80% of one-repetition maximum (1RM)); LL = low-load exercises (20% of 1RM); and LL+BFR = LL exercises combined with BFR. The exercise sessions were performed during the 3rd-4th days (follicular phase), 16th day (ovulatory phase) and the 24th-26th days (luteal phase) of the MC. Before and immediately after the exercises, SBP, DBP, HR and SpO2 were evaluated. We observed an increase in SBP, HR and DP in the three phases of the MC for all groups (p < 0.05). Groups LL and/or LL+BFR exhibited a greater increase in SBP, DBP, MBP, HR and DP when compared with the HI group (p < 0.05), and in the three groups, SpO2 was not reduced (p > 0.05). There was a significant effect of the MC phases on HR and DP (p < 0.05). We conclude that the three groups exhibited increased SBP, HR and DP; however, SpO2 was not different. Furthermore, groups LL and LL+BFR exhibited greater increases in hemodynamics, and the MC phases seem to influence only HR and DP.

It was our objective to correlate specific performance in the Special Judo Fitness Test (SJFT) and the maximum isometric handgrip (HGSMax), scapular traction (STSMax) and lumbar traction (LTSMax) strength tests in military judo athletes. Twenty-two military athletes from the judo team of the Brazilian Navy Almirante Alexandrino Instruction Centre, with average age of 26.14 ± 3.31 years old, and average body mass of 83.23 ± 14.14 kg participated in the study. Electronic dynamometry tests for HGSMax, STSMax and LTSMax were conducted. Then, after approximately 1 hour-interval, the SJFT protocol was applied. All variables were adjusted to the body mass of the athletes. Pearson correlation coefficient for statistical analysis was used. The results showed moderate negative correlation between the SJFT index and STSMax (r= -0.550, p= 0.008), strong negative correlations between the SJFT index and HGSMax (r= -0.706, p< 0.001), SJFT index and LTSMax (r= -0.721; p= 0.001), besides the correlation between the sum of the three maximum isometric strength tests and the SJFT index (r= -0.786, p< 0.001). This study concludes that negative correlations occur between the SJFT index and maximum isometric handgrip, shoulder and lumbar traction strength and the sum of the three maximum isometric strength tests in military judokas.

Abstract The aim of this study was to compare the acute effects of low-intensity (LI) resistance exercise (RE) with continuous blood flow restriction (CBFR) and intermittent blood flow restriction (IBFR) on systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and mean arterial pressure (MAP). After a one-repetition maximum test, 10 normotensive recreationally trained men performed three experimental protocols. In the three RE protocols, increases in SBP, DBP, and MAP were observed immediately after exercise, but the effect sizes (ESs) were greater for the LI + CBFR and high-intensity protocols. There were hypotensive effects on SBP, DBP, and MAP in all three protocols; however, the effects on MAP lasted longer for the LI + IBFR and LI + CBFR protocols. These long-lasting hypotensive effects on DBP and MAP occurred in all three protocols. Thus, we conclude that the post exercise hypotensive effects on SBP, DBP, and MAP appear to occur in all three RE protocols, with the effect on SBP being longer in the LI + IBFR and LI + CBFR protocols.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar a imagem corporal de mulheres adultas vs. meia-idade e idosas praticantes e não praticantes de hidroginástica. A amostra foi constituída por 300 mulheres brasileiras com idades compreendidas entre 20 e 83 anos (48.96 ± 15.41), divididas em quatro grupos: Grupo 1 = 75 mulheres adultas não praticantes com idades entre 20 e 49 anos; Grupo 2 = 75 mulheres de meia-idade e idosas não praticantes com idades entre 50 e 82 anos; Grupo 3 = 75 mulheres de meia-idade e idosas praticantes com idade entre 50 e 83 anos e Grupo 4 = 75 mulheres adultas praticantes com idade entre 20 e 49 anos. O instrumento utilizado para determinar à imagem corporal actual e desejada foi a Escala de Desenhos de Silhuetas descrita por Stunkard. Os resultados demonstram que não houve diferenças significativas com a insatisfação da imagem corporal entre os grupos de mulheres adultas vs. meia-idade e idosas vs. praticantes vs. não praticantes (p>0.05). Entretanto, houve diferenças significativas entre a insatisfação com a imagem corporal actual vs. ideal para todos os grupos do estudo (p<0.05). Conclui-se que a idade e a prática da hidroginástica não são factores determinantes na percepção que as mulheres têm da imagem corporal.

The aim of this study was to compare the body image of adult vs. middle-aged and elderly women practitioners and non-practitioners of hydro gymnastics. The sample consisted of 300 Brazilian women aged between 20 and 83 years (48.96 ± 15.41), divided into four groups: Group 1 = 75 adult women not practitioners aged between 20 and 49 years; Group 2 = 75 middle-aged and elderly women not practitioners aged 50 to 82 years; Group 3 = 75 middle-aged and elderly women practitioners aged between 50 and 83 years and Group 4 = 75 practitioners adult women aged between 20 and 49 years. The instrument used to determine the current and desired body image was the Scale Drawings of silhouettes described by Stunkard. The results showed no significant differences with body image dissatisfaction among groups of adults vs. middle-aged and elderly vs. practitioners vs. non-practicing (p> 0.05). However, there were significant differences between the dissatisfaction with the actual body image vs. ideal for all study groups (p< 0.05). We conclude that the age and the practice of hydro gymnastics are not determining factors in the perception that women have body image.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar o efeito agudo do exercício de força realizado em diferentes intensidades sobre a hemodinâmica de homens normotensos. Participaram do estudo 10 homens aparentemente saudáveis (25.40 ± 6.90) divididos aleatoriamente em três protocolos experimentais: a) 60% de 8RM; b) 80% de 8RM; c) 100% de 8RM. Todos os protocolos realizaram seis exercícios (leg press 45°, supino vertical, flexão de joelhos, remada sentada fechada, extensão de joelhos e desenvolvimento na máquina), com três series de oito repetições para cada exercício. A pressão arterial sistólica (PAS), diastólica (PAD), freqüência cardíaca (FC) e o duplo produto (DP) foram mensurados em repouso, no final dos exercícios e durante os 60 minutos pós-exercício. Os resultados mostram que houve redução significativa na PAS mais rápida com maior duração (p< 0.05) para intensidade 100% de 8RM, porém sem reduções significativas na PAD para todas as intensidades (p> 0.05). Houve maiores elevações significativas na FC e no DP para 100% de 8RM em todos os momentos (p> 0.05). Conclui-se que altas intensidades (100% de 8RM) promovem hipotensão pós-exercício com respostas mais rápidas e de maior duração e eleva a FC e o DP de homens normotensos.

The aim of this study was to investigate the acute effect of resistance exercise performed at different intensities on the hemodynamics of normotensive men. The study included 10 normotensive and recreationally-trained men (25.40 ± 6.90 years) performed the following three experimental protocols in a randomized order: a) 60% of 8RM; b) 80% of 8RM; c) 100% of 8RM. All protocols performed six exercises (Leg Press, Vertical Bench Press, Leg Flexion, Close-Grip Seated Row, Leg Extension and Shoulder Press) with three sets of eight repetitions for each exercise. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate (HR) and double product (DP) were measured at rest, at the end of exercise and during the 60-minute post-exercise. The findings showed that there was a significant reduction in the faster SBP with a longer duration (p< 0.0001) for the 100% of 8RM intensity, but without significant decreases in DBP for all intensities (p> 0.05). There were significantly higher elevations in HR and DP for 100% of 8RM at all times (p<0.0001). We conclude that high intensities (100% of 8RM) promote post-exercise hypotension with faster responses and greater duration and increase HR and DP in normotensive men.

Este estudo analisou a associação entre a renda familiar e níveis de índice de massa corporal com a imagem corporal e qualidade de vida ao longo da menarca; e a variação da relação entre a renda familiar e o IMC com a imagem corporal e a qualidade de vida em distintos momentos da menarca (momentos 1, 2 e 3). O estudo caracterizou-se por um delineamento longitudinal com adolescentes de 10 a 13 anos, IMC de 18.98 kg/m². Os dados foram coletados pelo Body Shape Questionnaire e Autoquestionnaire Qualité de Vie Enfant Imagé no momento 1 no ano de 2010, no momento 2 no ano de 2011 e no momento 3 no ano de 2012. Os principais resultados indicaram: que o IMC se relacionou positivamente com o escore total de insatisfação corporal no momento 1, 2 e 3; a análise nos níveis de renda familiar e IMC indicaram melhoras positivas ao longo da menarca; e o escore de qualidade de vida aumentou do momento 1 para o 2, tendo reduzido do momento 2 para o 3. Concluiu-se que as adolescentes revelaram uma menor insatisfação com a imagem corporal com o passar do tempo, evidenciada por um IMC normal; e ao longo do tempo a baixa insatisfação da imagem corporal revelou-se pela associação positiva da renda familiar e do IMC. Já a qualidade de vida apresentou-se melhor entre o momento 1 e 2 da menarca, mas entre o momento 2 e 3 ocorreu uma diminuição da qualidade de vida das adolescentes.

This study analysed the association between family income and body mass index levels with body image and quality of life along the menarche; and the variation of the relation between family income and BMI with body image and life quality at different moments of the menarche (moments 1, 2 and 3). The study was characterized by a longitudinal delimitation involving teenagers aged 10 to 13, BMI 18.98 kg/m². The data was collected through the Body Shape Questionnaire and Autoquestionnaire Qualité de Vie Enfant Image at moment 1 in 2010, at moment 2 in 2011 and at moment 3 in 2012. The main results showed BMI positively related to the total score of body dissatisfaction in moments 1, 2 and 3; analysis on family income levels and BMI showed positive improvements along the menarche; and life quality score raised from moment 1 to 2, having decreased from moment 2 to 3. The conclusion was that adolescents showed lower dissatisfaction with body image as time went by, enhanced by a normal BMI; and as time went by the low body image dissatisfaction came out by the positive association between family income and BMI. Quality of life was better between moments 1 and 2 of the menarche, but there was a decrease in the life quality of the adolescents.

O aumento do diâmetro venoso está associado à incompetência do sistema nos membros inferiores. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o efeito de uma sessão de exercícios de treino de força (TF) sobre o diâmetro venoso superficial (DV) dos membros inferiores (MI). Vinte e dois homens (22 ± 2 anos, 81.2 ± 13.4 kg, 173.0 ± 4.0 cm e 18.6 ± 3.3% de percentagem de gordura estimada), realizaram um circuito com agachamento, avanço e flexão plantar, sendo 3 séries de 6 repetições (3 minutos de intervalo) com carga de 85% (1-RM). Os DVs da veia safena interna (VSI), dos MI, foram medidos em repouso e imediatamente após cada série, com eco-Doppler colorido. Realizou-se um teste de Anova one-way para medidas repetidas. Para as VSI, de ambos os MI, observou-se uma diminuição dos DVs, ao longo das séries. Ademais, entre as séries, houve uma queda significativa entre a primeira e segunda (p= 0.009) e um aumento entre a segunda e terceira séries (p= 0.027) para a VSI direita, e para a VSI esquerda, apenas as medidas após a primeira e segunda foram diferentes (p= 0.001). Houve uma tendência de redução do DV após uma sessão aguda de exercício de força. Conclui-se que a prática de uma sessão de exercícios de TF não promove alterações negativas na estrutura das veias de homens treinados.

The increase of the venous diameter is associated with the incompetence of the venous system of lower limb. In order to analyze the acute effects of one session of strength exercise (SE) on superficial venous diameter (VD) of the lower limbs (LL). Twenty-two men (22 ± 2 years old, 81.2 ± 13.4kg weight, 173.0 ± 4.0 cm height and 18.6 ± 3.3% estimated body fat) performed a circuit of three SE, with 3 sets of 6 repetitions, controlled by metronome, with a load of 85% (1-RM) and 3 minutes rest. The VDs of the internal saphenous vein (ISV), in right and left LL, were measured at baseline and immediately after each set with color eco-Doppler. Data were analyzed by means of a one-way ANOVA for repeated measures. There was a significant effect of time for the right and left VSI (p= 0.001), the VDs at baseline were higher than in series for both. Furthermore, between sets, there was a significant decrease between the first and second (p= 0.009) and an increase between the second and third series (p= 0.027) for the right ISV. For the left ISV, only measured after the first and second are different (p= 0.001). There was a trend toward reduction in VD after the acute bout of strength exercise, indicating that their practice is efficient for the performance of this structure.

The objective of the present study was to identify and compare the somatotype of 125 Brazilian athletes and practitioners of Rhythmic Gymnastics of different qualification levels from 7 to 25 years old, divided into the following categories: different competitive levels (international, national and regional) and pre and post menarche practitioners. One hundred twenty-five Brazilian athletes and practitioners of Rhythmic Gymnastics of different levels of qualification from 7 to 25 years old were evaluated. The protocol used was Heath & Carter somatotype. The descriptive study was applied. In order to define the profile of the data collected, the descriptive statistics with measurements of position and dispersion were estimated. The Analysis of Variance was applied. Inferential analysis, for continuous variables, was used in order to identify the existence of significant statistical differences among the Post menarche, Pre menarche, international level, national level and regional level. Afterwards the Post Hoc Tuckey test was applied. According to the results, the somatotype for the different categories are: international level= balanced ectomorphy, national= balanced ectomorphy, regional= ectomesomorphy, pre menarche practitioners= balanced endomorphy and post menarche practitioners= endoectomorphy. Significant statistical differences were found in the following variables: endomorphy and mesomorphy. It is concluded that the most similar categories in the present study were the national and regional levels, on the other hand, the most different categories were the pre menarcheal and the international level.

El objetivo fue identificar y comparar el somatotipo de atletas y practicantes de gimnasia rítmica de 7 a 25 años en Brasil, divididas en las siguientes categorías: diferentes niveles de competencia (internacional, nacional y regional) y practicantes de la modalidad en la fase prepubescente y postpubescente. El protocolo utilizado para la evaluación fue el somatotipo de Heath & Carter. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, de lineación cuasi experimental, donde fueron evaluadas 125 atletas y practicantes de gimnasia rítmica. Para el cálculo de las categorías se aplicó estadística descriptiva por las medidas de posición y dispersión. El análisis de inferencia para las variables fue utilizado a fin de verificar la existencia de diferencias significativas entre los grupos. Fue utilizado el análisis de variancia (ANOVA) con un valor p<0,05, y la prueba de Tuckey. Los resultados para el somatotipo de las diferentes categorías fueron: nivel internacional= ectomorfo balanceado; nivel nacional= ectomorfo balanceado; nivel regional= ectomesomorfo; no menárquicas= endomorfo balanceado y menárquicas= endoectomorfo. Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los grupos de las variables de endomorfia y mesomorfia. Podemos concluir que las dos categorías más homogéneas en este estudio fueron las de nivel internacional y nacional. La comparación entre la categoría internacional y la categoría no menárquicas fue inversa.

O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a influência aguda do alongamento estático sobre a força muscular máxima (1RM). A amostra não probabilística foi constituída de 30 indivíduos divididos em dois grupos: grupo alongamento estático (GA= 15) e grupo sem alongamento (GC= 15). Para avaliação da força muscular através do teste de 1RM foi utilizado um dinamómetro modelo 32527pp400 Pound push/pull acoplado nos aparelhos cadeira extensora (CE) e supino reto/horizontal (SH). Utilizou-se o teste de Wilcoxon para as comparações intragrupos e o teste de Kruskal-Walis para as comparações intergrupos (p< 0.05). Não foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas (p> 0.05) entre o GA e o GC para o exercício CE e SH. Pode-se concluir que não houve redução no desempenho do teste de 1RM para os exercícios CE e SH, quando precedidos por alongamento estático.

The aim of this study was to compare the influence of acute static stretching on maximal muscle strength (1RM). The non-probabilistic sample consisted of 30 subjects split into two groups: static stretching (SS= 15) and without stretching group (WS= 15). Muscle strength evaluation (1RM) was conducted with a Dynamometer model 32527pp400 Pound push / pull devices coupled in knee extension (KE) and bench press (BP). The Wilcoxon test for intragroup comparisons and the Kruskal-Wallis test for comparisons between groups (p< 0.05) were selected. There were no significant differences (p> 0.05) between the SS and WS in exercise KE and BP. Therefore, it can be concluded that there was no reduction in the performance of 1RM performing the exercises KE and BP when preceded by static stretching.

Esta pesquisa objetivou identificar os fatores de risco associados às circunstâncias envolvendo alcoolemia no município do Rio de Janeiro, no período de 1998 a 2005. As variáveis utilizadas para os casos considerados como positivos com quantificação de álcool no sangue, levando-se em consideração o limite estabelecido pelo Código de Trânsito Brasileiro vigente no período (≥0,6 g/L), foram o Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH) do ano de 2000, as ocorrências registradas pelo Instituto Médico Legal, idade média e média de concentração de álcool das vítimas. A variável média de concentração de álcool foi significativa (p<0,001), explicando 38% da variação dos casos de "Afogamento", assim como o IDH (p=0,008) explicou 29% da variação dos casos com "Vítimas de projétil de arma de fogo". Para a variável IDH, foram obtidas relações inversas, quando associada às circunstâncias que se referiam à violência ("Agressão", "Vítima de projétil de arma de fogo" e "Enforcamento"). Portanto, é possível inferir que os casos de morte por estas circunstâncias de violência aumentam quando os valores do IDH são mais baixos. Além disso, os achados deste estudo indicaram que os municípios não banhados pelo mar apresentaram os maiores índices de "Afogamento", corroborando a literatura existente.

This research aimed to identify risk factors associated with the circumstances involving blood alcohol in the city of Rio de Janeiro in the period 1998−2005. The variables used for the cases considered positive with blood alcohol measurement taking into account the limit set by the Brazilian Traffic Code in effect during the period (≥0.6 g/L) were Human Development Index (HDI) 2000, the incidents recorded by the Institute of Forensic Medicine, average age, average alcohol concentration of victims. The variable average alcohol concentration was significant (p<0.001) explaining 38% of the variation in cases of drowning, as well as the HDI (p=0.008) explained 29% of the variation in cases with victims of the projectile from a firearm. Inverse relationships were obtained for the variable HDI when combined with the circumstances that pertained to violence ("Aggression", "Victim of the projectile of a firearm" and "Hanging"). Therefore, is possible to assume that the deaths from these conditions of violence increases when the HDI is lower. Moreover, the findings of this study indicated that the municipalities not bordering the sea have higher rates of "Drowning", corroborating the literature.

INTRODUÇÃO: Atualmente, a aparência é sinônimo de sucesso, saúde e determinação. De modo que a sociedade moderna oprima os indivíduos a seguir padrões estereotipados de beleza. E como herança dessa sociedade capitalista e egoísta surgem os transtornos psíquicos da aparência e as dependências psíquicas a eles associadas. OBJETIVOS: i) comparar os níveis de vigorexia e de dependência ao exercício entre frequentadores de academias e fisiculturistas; ii) relacionar as variáveis de prática de exercício físico (tempo de prática, frequência semanal e duração por sessão) com as dimensões de frequência de vigorexia e de dependência ao exercício; e, iii) comparar os níveis de vigorexia segundo grupos de dependência ao exercício (dependentes ou em risco, não dependente sintomático e não dependente assintomático). MÉTODOS: A amostra foi constituída por 151 frequentadores de academia (27,66 ± 6,54 anos e 27,56 ± 5,03 de IMC) e 25 fisiculturistas (30,80 ± 5,54 anos e 26,72 ± 4,24 de IMC), todos do sexo masculino. Os participantes responderam à Escala de Dependência ao Exercício e ao Inventário de Dismorfia Muscular. A análise estatística envolveu procedimentos de análise descritiva, normalidade univariada, comparativa e correlacional. RESULTADOS: Os principais resultados evidenciaram: i) não existir diferenças entre frequentadores de academias e fisiculturistas quanto aos níveis de vigorexia e de dependência ao exercício; ii) que a duração da sessão de treino se correlaciona positivamente com a maioria das dimensões da dependência ao exercício; e, iii) que o grupo classificado como dependente ou em risco revela níveis médios superiores de vigorexia. CONCLUSÃO: Por fim, constatou-se que tanto nos fisiculturistas como nos frequentadores de academias, quanto maior o nível de vigorexia, maior o nível de dependência ao exercício, sendo essa correlação maior em fisiculturistas.

INTRODUCTION: Currently, good appearance is a synonym to success, health and determination. So as to, the modern society overwhelms the individuals to follow beauty stereotypes. The heritage of this capitalist and selfish society is the psychological appearance disorders and the psychological dependence associated with them. Among these, we can mention vigorexy and exercise dependence. OBJECTIVES: I) to compare vigorexy levels and exercise dependence among gym goers and bodybuilders, II) to corelate the variables on physical practice (time of practice, weekly frequency and sessions time) to the frequency dimensions of vigorexy and exercise dependence; and, III) to compare vigorexy levels according to the exercise dependence groups (dependent or in risk, not symptomatic dependent and not asymptomatic dependent). METHODS: The sample was composed of 151 male gym goers (27.66 ± 6.54- year-old and 27.56 ± 5.03 BMI) and 25 bodybuilders (30.80 ± 5.54-year-old and 26.72 ± 4.24 BMI). The participants answered the Exercise Dependence Scale and the Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory. The statistical analysis involved descriptive, univariated normality, comparative and correlational analyses. RESULTS: The main results were: I) absence of differences between gym goers and bodybuilders concerning vigorexy levels and exercise dependence, II) training session time is positively correlated with most of the dimensions of the exercise dependence, and, III) the group classified as dependent or in risk reveals medium superior levels of vigorexy. CONCLUSION: Lastly, it was found that both in bodybuilders and gym goers, the higher the vigorexy level, the higher the exercise dependence wit this correlation is higher in bodybuilders.